Category Archives: George T. Ulmer

Terror On Tour

The Academy of Music in St.John, New Brunswick, Canada was by all accounts a stunning late 19th century theater. Unlike our homogenous, spartan movie theaters of today, theaters of the 19th century were a thing of beauty.

The Academy of Music is the featured building in the photo to the left. While only three stories high, the ornate Italian style facade and the impressive 65 foot high entrance tricked the eye into thinking the building was much larger than its actual dimensions of  190 x 21 . The massive front doors were elaborately carved of solid dark walnut and weighed over 1600 pounds! The ornate interior featured broad low stairs leading to an impressive balcony while above was an even higher gallery for the VIP’s reached by a separate entrance with their own ticket office. The Academy was furnished with 600 opera chairs made of iron and the softest upholstered leather. The total seating capacity of the Academy of Music was 1200 and as patrons looked up at the ceiling they would see that all around the  interior of the theatre ran an elaborately designed cornice. The interior walls were all tinted a soft pink to complement the stage lights. The large stage was 48 by 52 feet,  equipped with four traps and the exquisite scenery was painted by the famed composer and musical director, Gaspard Maeder. When the building was finally completed it had cost the theater company $60,000 to build. Sadly it would only stand for 7 years before disaster struck.

The acting company built a fine reputation for their Shakespearean productions and for attracting some of the biggest names of the day to walk their stage. It was the jewel in St. John’s crown but unfortunately it was not to last. On Tuesday evening June 19th, the favorite actress Louise Pomeroy, an actress with William Nannary’s troupe, played the role of Juliet in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet to a packed house.

The next evening, June 20,1877, the company was scheduled to perform Shakespeare‘s As You Like It with Louise Pomeroy to perform the lead role of Rosalind. Sadly, that day the most destructive fire to ever to hit Canada raged through the streets of St. John. In less than nine hours, two-fifths or 200 acres of the city were laid to ashes. One thousand six hundred and twelve homes were burned to the ground. The company under the leadership of William Nannary and George Waldron the stage manager all managed to escape with their lives but little else. Among the list of company names…LIZZIE MAY ULMER and GEORGE T.ULMER. This young couple escaped with their lives but all they owned…trunks, clothing, costumes etc… were all lost to the fire.

Donald Collins is a St.John freelance writer who wrote a great piece on the fire and the aftermath. Below is a small except:

The main business centre in what had been one of the most prosperous cities in North America was wiped out. More than 1,600 homes were destroyed, leaving 13,000 people homeless. 
   Eighteen people lost their lives – 12 from burns, four were struck by falling debris and two drowned while trying to save their property in boats. 
   The fire obliterated most public buildings and businesses, including the post office, city hall, customs house, five banks, 14 hotels and 14 churches, as well as theatres and schools. 
   The 1,500 commercial and industrial buildings that were razed included 10 retail grocers, 116 liquor dealers, 93 commission merchants, 80 law offices, 55 boarding houses, 55 shoemakers, 36 tailors, 32 flour dealers, 29 insurance agents, 29 clothing stores and 22 dry goods establishments. 
   Damage was estimated at $27 million in 1877 dollars, of which only $6.5 million was recovered from insurance. 

In 1877 Lizzie May and George were acting with William Nannary’s company. Was this also the time that Lizzie purchased the trunk that started it all? It would make sense that after losing everything, she would have purchased a new traveling trunk. Perhaps the trunk that started this blog is the trunk that she purchased from Likly, McDonald and Rockett  makers of some of the finest trunks of the day?

Next Up: Carry on?

Lizzie May takes the stage in 1875

This stage photo of Lizzie May in costume is owned by the George Stewart collection at the University of Calgary,a fantastic collection of photos of the stage in the late 19th century.

The University of New Brunswick Libraries is a treasure trove of antique theater posters. I was so excited to find playbills to two plays that Lizzie May acted in at the start of her career. In fact, these are the only mentions that I can find for the 1875 season as unfortunately so much from that time period has been lost. Tracing the steps of this young actress’ career in the late 19th century shows that Lizzie May led an extraordinary life

Lizzie May acted steadily throughout 1874  building a career in small roles and productions throughout the North East.  On September 11, 1875 she had a leading role in the play Divorce by Robert Reece at the Portland Museum Theatre in Portland, ME.  This was not a huge role in a huge production in a huge city but it did connect her with a well-known playwright of the day. Robert Reece (1838– 1891) was a British comedic playwright and librettist  (opera/musical theatre) popular through the 1870’s. He wrote flashy musical burlesques and the comic operas that were all the rage. Reece was also popular for his sarcastic farces and for adapting popular French operettas into English. Lizzie May was starting to act in bigger productions by well-known writers increasing her visibiliy greatly and advancing her career.

A month later on October 9,1875 Lizzie May was once again at the Portland Museum Theatre  appearing in a lesser known play by Dion Boucicault. Boucicault was a popular Irish actor and celebrated playwright. According to wikipedia:

Boucicault was an excellent actor, especially in pathetic parts. His uncanny ability to play these low-status roles earned him the nickname “Little Man Dion” in theatrical circles. His plays are for the most part adaptations, but are often very ingenious in construction. They have had great popularity.

Lizzie May was a traveling  actress, a mother to a 2 year old (baby George Jr. was born in 1873) and a wife. Somehow she managed to juggle it all. It is interesting to note that her husband/step-brother George was not listed on the playbills for these performances. Maybe he was taking care of the baby on the nights that Lizzie performed? Or perhaps her career was starting to take off but he had yet to find his niche.

 

Next Up: Terror On Tour

Lizzie May’s big break

Based on this playbill from 1874  Lizzie May chose the exciting life of acting over a quiet life with her family in Maine.

Lizzie May has third billing in this musical production of Pippins “a musical variation on an old theme”. This is the earliest  playbill that  I could find with Lizzie May in a credited role. I am assuming that this is one of her first big roles. The musical ran in July of 1874 when Lizzie May was a 19 year old wife, mother to a one year old and ingenue.  It couldn’t have been a more exciting time for her!

Once I researched the names on this playbill, I realized that this was definitely a big break for Lizzie May. There are some very important players in the theatre world listed on this playbill  such as  the lessee John Stetson  who was one of the most successful theatrical managers of the late 19th century. Stetson owned and /or managed some of the most important theaters in New York and Boston. Not one to rest on his laurels he later expanded his empire by becoming a financier and real estate developer.

An interesting side note:  Stetson married the love of his life an actress named Kate Stokes who had grown up in the circus as a bare-back equestrian and later became an actress after a crippling fall. John Stetson died unexpectedly when a bad cold quickly turned to pneumonia. His broken hearted wife fell ill soon after and sadly died less than three weeks later.

Listed as proprietor on the playbill is Edward Everett Rice (1847-1924) one of the pioneers of the American musical. Also listed is J. Cheever Goodwin whom Rice joined forces with in 1874 to write Evangeline, the hugely popular burlesque musical based upon a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

I bring up these important men of the theater because they saw something in young Lizzie May  to bring her out of the background and into a credited character role. In this poster for the musical “Pippins” Lizzie May has third billing playing the role of Cupid. This is a big step up from the chorus. Unfortunately George did not seem to have a role in this production unless it was as an uncredited background player or perhaps he was in a different production at the time. Was George’s career already waning while Lizzie May’s was on the rise?

Next Up: New roles for Lizzie May

Choosing An Actor’s Life

For young newlyweds George and Lizzie May to choose acting as their professions in the late 19th century was a true leap of faith. There were probably many arguments on the subject in the Ulmer household but as we saw during the war, George had a mind of his own and the drive and determination to do as he saw fit. The life of an actor was always in flux and required incredible physical and emotional strength. There was certainly no stability in the life they chose but being together must have been all the support they needed.

The varied performance schedule must have been exhausting. Most actors rehearsed 2-3 plays per day on top of their actual performances. A season could consist of anywhere from 40 to over 100 different plays. Stock actors such as Lizzie May and George would be expected to learn over 100 parts, many times having to memorize a new role in a matter of hours. The life of a “celebrated” actor was no less rigorous. One famous actress of the day Charlotte Cushman, had over 200 roles in her repertoire making her a sought after commodity. Big names brought in big crowds to the local stock theatre companies.

Luckily,compensation for this grueling life was actually fairly good by late 19th century standards. According to an essay on 19th century American theatre from the University of Washington:

Beginning actors’ salaries ranged from $3 to $6 per week; utility players’ salaries from $7 to $15 per week; “walking” ladies and gentlemen, $15 to $30; and lead actors were paid anywhere from $35 to $100 per week. Traveling stars could command $150 to $500 per 7- to 10-day engagement, plus one or more benefits. Except for the lowest ranks of actors, these salaries were good for this period, especially for women, even though they were paid less than men in comparable roles.

From young Civil War drummer boy to stage actor, George was following his dreams and bringing Lizzie May along for the ride.

Would Lizzie May decide to go back home to the quiet corner of Maine or follow her George through the uncertain world of the theatre?

Next Up: Role reversal

Surprise

I have mentioned before that my searches of Lizzie May Ulmer have taken me down the rabbit hole and around in circles. There are snippets here and there but pulling together the story of an actress who lived well over a hundred years ago is a challenge. One thing is certain, by 1876 when her portrait (above) was painted by the celebrated African American portraitist Nelson A. Primus, Lizzie was a 20-21 year old stage ingenue…and a wife and mother to a three year old boy named George. Named not only for her favorite step-brother but her HUSBAND as well. Yes, Lizzie May married her step-brother George. As he writes in his memoirs:

The unhappy war was over. The soldier boy returned. I arrived home at the little farm, found a royal, loving welcome from my father and brothers, and more than any other, my little step-sister, who never got tired of stories of my experience. She would sit for hours, begging me to tell her more. She was always with me wherever I would go. She was full of admiration for me. I was a hero in her eyes; I could not dispel her fancy, and I didn’t try, for she seemed the sunshine of my life. She plodded with me through all my ups and downs; through the snow and ice of winter, making summer for me the year round, and she is now my little wife. I must stop here, or I may go too far into a history of my life, which I did not intend. I know it would be uninteresting, but will simply add that myself and wife adopted the stage as a profession, and still follow it.

 

Next up: The life of an actor

The Stage

Koster & Bial’s Music Hall on 23rd street in Manhattan, the premier variety house of the late 19th century.

The second half of the 19th Century was an exciting time for the theatre. After the Civil War there was a huge influx of immigration and an enormous growth was seen in America’s cities, in particular cities on the East Coast such as Boston and New York. With the onstart of the Industrial Revolution, the growth of factories and increased productions, the continued hysteria around the Gold Rush, everything pointed to prosperity and growth for a class of people that became known as the Middle Class. Americans now had a better standard of living than ever before and with that, discretionary income to spend on entertainment.

Thanks to the expansion of the transportation system in the U.S., in particular the railroads which linked East Coast to West , actors were able to travel across America finally reaching towns that had never experienced any form of theatre before. Thousands of theaters popped up across the U.S. between 1850-1900. The growth of theatre brought an entire new cache of jobs from costumers to dramatic agencies to boarding houses and hotels who catered specifically to the trade.

Once no more than bare bones music halls soon morphed into beautiful, intricately designed theaters. The lavish productions against the backdrop of these elegant theaters became the ultimate from of entertainment.

Theater design and technology changed as well around the mid-19th century. Candlelit stages were replaced with gaslight and limelight. Limelight consisted of a block of lime heated to incandescence by means of an oxyhydrogen flame torch. The light could then be focused with mirrors and produced a quite powerful light. Theater interiors began improving in the 1850s, with ornate decoration and stall seating replacing the pit. In 1869, Laura Keen opened the remodeled Chestnut Street Theater in Philadelphia, and newspaper accounts describe the comfortable seats, convenient boxes, lovely decorations and hangings, excellent visibility, good ventilation, and baskets of flowers and hanging plants.

Theater crowds in the first half of the 19th century had gained a reputation as unruly, loud and uncouth. The improvements made to theaters in the last half of the 19th century encouraged middle and upper class patrons to attend plays, and crowds became quieter, more genteel, and less prone to cause disruptions of the performance.

The lure of the theatre was too much for George. He spent all of his free time visiting the multitude of music halls and theaters throughout Boston. At the Selwyn Theatre on Washington Street George was able to charm his way into bit parts in small productions. It felt like home and this new home was heaven.

Next Up:  A Surprise

Washington Street

Above: Actor John H Selwyn who would open The Selwyn Theatre in 1867.

In 1868 Charley Ulmer was running a small job printing plant on Washington Street in Boston. Younger brother George was Charley’s apprentice but he became increasingly distracted by a new theatre that had opened just down the street. Washington Street in the mid to late 19th century was the center of commerce and cultural events for Boston’s south end. In other words, it was the place to be!

In late 1867, John H. Selwyn a scenic artist with the famed Boston Theatre Company struck out on his own and opened up The Selwyn Theatre at 364 Washington Street. The Selwyn Theatre was a stock company that existed for only three years from the end of 1867-1870. At the time, it was renowned for bringing the most distinguished actors and productions of the day to Boston. George was hooked.

The history of Boston’s theaters often provides the researcher and theater aficionado with some fascinating drama of its own. In the nineteenth century, when Boston was the center of a thriving community of theaters, an ongoing conflict between artistic freedom and the city’s ubiquitous Puritan strain was clearly in evidence. Even as early as the eighteenth century, theater going in Boston was regarded as a fashionable, but not entirely legal pursuit.

A quaint example of Boston’s secret love-affair with the theater is witnessed in the names of early playhouses such as Exhibition Hall and the beloved Boston Museum, which really were theaters in very thin disguise. Indeed, the term “banned in Boston” was one used either pejoratively by theater lovers.

George had been bitten by the acting bug while convalescing in Balfour Hospital during the Civil War. He was entranced by the theatre. Soon he had cajoled his way into bit parts. The actors, the costumes, the audience clapping…it all appealed to our ham-ish hero.

Next Up: The Stage

What’s next for George?

Above: a great photo of George from the George Stewart Collection

George basked in the glory of a hero’s welcome home. His family showered him with attention, patiently listening to his stories over and over again. He writes in his memoirs about his young step-sister Lizzie following him everywhere. She never tired of his enthusiastic ramblings and became a sounding board for his dreams of a big future.

For George, the War had opened his eyes to new places, new people and new experiences. He longed to get out and make a name for himself. A U.S. Tax assessment record from February of 1866 shows 16 year old George running his own “gift enterprise company” by the name of George T. Ulmer & Co. The tax assessment was $833.00. What he was doing is anyone’s guess. His charm and easy gift for gab probably made him an excellent salesman! No moss was growing on George’s stone.

In 1868 Charley married Laura and opened a small job printing plant on Washington Street in Boston. George  joined his big brother as an assistant, enjoying the sights and sounds of a bustling city. The Ulmer brothers were big dreamers and soon Charley was ready for a new venture. He  looked West for an exciting new future in an ever expanding America. After leaving Boston he published newspapers in both Denver and Pueblo, Colorado. By 1870 the driven and already successful Charley had moved his wife Laura, 2 year old son Philip and 5 month old baby boy to Chicago. It is here that I found the next official record of George.

George T Ulmer now 21 is listed on the 1870 Census as living in Chicago Ward 5 with Charley and Laura. George’s occupation is listed as “Printer” and the value of his estate is listed as $3,000.

Five years after the Civil War ended the inseparable Ulmer brothers were still together.

Next Up: Washington Street

Charley

The Army of the Potomac Paraded Down Pennsylvania Avenue
at the end of the Civil War. May 23, 1865. Library of Congress

What happened to our fearless Charley Ulmer after the Civil War?

First thing of course was to go back home to Maine and spend time with his family. But Charley did not rest on his laurels and fade into obscurity, he had the big dreams of a man who had cheated death and lived to tell the tale.

Back in 1858 at fifteen, Charley had published the Bunker Hill Grammar School paper which he called “The Charlestown Newsboy”. With money he earned on the farm he bought the best printing equipment he could afford and spent his free time teaching himself printing methods. He most likely learned a lot from his father who may have been a newspaper man himself.

Charley took his newspaper prowess with him to war. He brought part of his printing equipment with him, using it to print orders for his regiment and cards for his fellow soldiers to send home. Now that the War which had consumed his life for 3 years was over, he was free to pursue his passion for printing.

He also pursued a young woman who he had fallen for under unusual circumstances. As his brother George explained in his memoirs:

During the war,our soldiers would often receive little useful articles, such as stockings, shirts, etc., made by the ladies who formed themselves into societies all over the country and furnished these things for distribution among the soldiers at the front. The young ladies had a great craze at that time of marking their names or initials upon whatever they made. One day my brother received a pair of hand-knit stockings with a little tag sewed on each of them, and written on the tags the letters L. A. D., Islesboro, Maine. They were so acceptable at the time that he declared that if he lived to get out of the army, he would be “gorramed” if he didn’t find the girl that built those stockings, and kiss her for them. He began writing to Islesboro, making inquiries, and received several letters signed “Tab.” He was determined not to give it up, however, and when mustered out, the first thing he did, was to go to Islesboro, Maine, to find “Tab.” He found her, she was a schoolma’m, and soon after married her, and they are now living way out in Port Angeles in the State of Washington happy as bugs in a rug, and every meal time you can find several little “Tabs” around the table, some large enough to tell the story of how Pa found Ma, and a great desire to try the same thing themselves. 

The woman was named Laura and she and Charley were married in 1868. By all accounts the marriage was a happy and busy one, they had 5 sons and 2 daughters!

Next Up: What next for George?

Homeward Bound

National Parks service photo of a factory in Lowell,MA.

Unlike the lucky Ulmer brothers, so many other brothers did not return home. The list is extensive however I felt the need to include a few examples of those courageous men who died together on the battlefields:

Confederate soldiers and brothers Moses J. Hoge and A. Whitlock Hoge ages 21 and 29 were killed on the same night at the bloody Battle of Cloyd’s Farm  on May 9,1864.

A private cemetery in Taylor Co, Ga. shows 3 of 4 Carson brothers, all Confederate soldiers who were killed in battle or died of their wounds leaving the 4th brother to return home alone.

Brothers Edwin and Henry Lee from the 11th Connecticut Infantry were both killed in the War, Henry leaving behind a wife and four children.

Also from Connecticut, the three Wadman brothers died in battle in Virginia in the summer of 1864. Brothers Alvin and George Flint and their father Alvin Sr. also perished at this time.

The Civil War ended on April 9, 1865. Civil War experts estimate the loss of lives at between 620,000-700,000. The Eighth Maine Volunteer infantry Regiment lost 381 men, 247 of which died from disease. With a population of 31,443,000 people in 1860, this means that close to 2% of the population was killed in the Civil War. Compare that number with today’s War on Terror where around 5,500 have been killed, with our current population of 294,043,000: this translates to  less than .oo2%. The Civil War was responsible for more deaths per population than ANY OTHER WAR in U.S. history. The sheer number of families who lost their beloved sons, husbands and fathers is mind boggling.

The anguish back home resonated for years as widows struggled to somehow manage life without their men. Poverty became a reality and many women left the farms desperate to provide for their families by working in factories in big cities. It was the rise of the Industrial Revolution. In 1870, only two American cities held populations of more than 500,000 but only 30 years later by 1900, there were six, and  New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia each had over one million inhabitants. Soon, approximately 40% of Americans lived in cities and the number was climbing.

The entire country was shifting and changing. There was excitement and hope. Railroads were expanding travel all the way to California and our unscathed Ulmer boys were ready to take on the world. Please continue to follow this lively family as they traverse the U.S., triumph on the stage, become playwrights and newspaper magnates and live life to it’s fullest.

Next Up: Charley’s Bride